1. Kupu Whakataki
Ko te whakarewa parahi pyrometallurgical tonu te huarahi matua mō te hanga parahi parakore tuatahi, e 80% neke atu i te kaha o te ao. Ka hurihia e te tukanga ngā kukū parahi sulfide (ko te chalcopyrite te nuinga, CuFeS₂) ki te parahi cathode parakore teitei (≥99.99% Cu) mā roto i te raupapa o ngā mahi whakarewa pāmahana teitei. E whakamārama ana tēnei tuhinga i te pepa rere whakauru matua e whai ake nei ko te whakarewa tere, te hurihanga, te whakamahine anode, me te whakamahine hiko.
2. Te Whakarite me te Whakaranu i te Kukū
Ka tae mai ngā konganuku parahi (25-35% Cu) mā roto i te oko nui, ā, ka rongoatia ki roto i ngā puranga kua taupokina. Ko te nui o te makuku he 8-12% te tikanga, ā, me whakaiti ki te ≤0.3% mā te whakamahi i ngā oumu hurihuri, i ngā whakamaroke moenga wai rānei hei ārai i ngā pahūtanga me te nui rawa o te whakapaunga pūngao i roto i te whakarewatanga o raro.
Ka whakaranua te kukū maroke ki ngā wai rere (quartz, limestone), ngā reverts, me te converter para i roto i ngā ōwehenga kua āta whakahaeretia. Ka whakamahia e ngā tipu hou ngā whāngai kōpae aunoa me ngā pūnaha pūtau-uta e tutuki ai te tika o te whakaranu i roto i te ±0.5%.
3. Te Whakarewatanga Tere
Ko te whakarewa tere te hangarau tino matatau mō te rongoā i ngā kukū parahi whanariki, e tohuhia ana puta noa i te ao e ngā oumu tere Outotec (ināianei ko Metso) me ngā oumu hauhā raro-pūngao i whakawhanakehia e Haina.
3.1 Te Mātāpono Tukanga
Ka werohia te matū maroke ki roto i te hau wera, whai hāora (te kukū hāora 75-90%) i te 850-950°C. Ka oti ngā tauhohenga (te whakamaroke, te waikura, te para me te hanganga matte) i roto i te 3-5 hēkona, me te wera tauhohenga e mau tonu ana te mahi wera-aunoa. Ko ngā tauhohenga matua ko: 4CuFeS₂ + 9O₂ → 4CuS + 2Fe₂O₃ + 8SO₂ 2FeS + 3O₂ + 2SiO₂ → 2FeO·SiO₂ + 2SO₂
3.2 Ngā Taputapu Matua
- Pou tauhohenga: 11-14 m te teitei, 7-9 m te whānui, kua whakakikoruatia ki te pereki konupūmā-kōroma kounga teitei me ngā uhi wai parahi.
- Te pūwero me te pūwero tango: te wehenga ā-papa o te matte (65-75% Cu) me te para.
- Poiha wera para: ka whakahokia mai te wera e kitea ana mai i te ~550°C mai i te hau hei whakaputa mamaoa.
- Te ōwehenga hāora-ki-te-kukū: 1.15-1.25 Nm³ O₂/t kukū maroke
- Te pāmahana o te porowhita tauhohenga: 1250-1300°C
- Pāmahana matte: 1180-1220°C
- Te ōwehenga o te para Fe/SiO₂: 1.1-1.4, te parahi i roto i te para ≤0.6%
3.3 Ngā Tawhā Whakahaere Hiranga
Ka eke te kaha o te oumu mura kotahi ki te 4000-5500 tāra/rā te kukū me te pai o te wera >98% me te tata ki te 100% te hopu SO₂.
4. Te Tahuri
Ka whakawhitia te kākahu matte mā roto i ngā koko horoi kakahu kua whakamahanahia e te hiko, mā roto rānei i ngā pūwero kakahu ki ngā kaitahuri Peirce-Smith, ki ngā oumu tahuri tonu rānei.
4.1 Wāhanga Hanga Para
Ka pupuhihia te hau whai hāora (25-35% O₂) hei whakawairakau i te rino whanariki. Ka tangohia te para kei roto ko te 2-8% Cu ka whakahokia ki te whakarewa tere.
4.2 Wāhanga Hanga Parahi
Mā te pupuhi tonu ka waikura te Cu₂S hei parahi pupuhi (98.5-99.3% Cu) i te 1180-1230°C.
5. Te Whakamahi Ahi i te Ouma Anode
Ka utaina te parahi mirumiru ki roto i ngā oumu anode tūmau, whakatītaha rānei 50-500 tana hei whakamahine i te whakaiti-waikura.
5.1 Wāhanga Waikura
Ka tangohia e ngā tao hau, hāora rānei ngā toenga Fe, Ni, As, Sb, me Bi hei para e mānu ana.
5.2 Wāhanga Whakaiti
Ka whakaitihia te hāora mā te whakamahi i te hau māori, te tīhiera, ngā pou rakau rānei ki te 150-300 ppm. Ka makahia te parahi kua parakore ki roto i ngā anode 300-450 kg (Cu ≥99.0%).
6. Te Whakamahinga Hikohiko
Ka whakanohoia ngā anode ki roto i ngā pūtau hiko me ngā papa whaea mata, titanium rānei hei katote i roto i te hikohiko CuSO₄-H₂SO₄.
6.1 Ngā Āhuatanga Whakahaere
- Te mātotoru o te au: 220-320 A/m²
- Ngaohiko pūtau: 0.22-0.32 V
- Te pāmahana irahiko: 60-65°C
- Cu²⁺: 40-55 g/L, H₂SO₄ kore utu: 150-220 g/L
6.2 Ngā Tauhohenga Hikohiko
Te whakarewanga o te anode: Cu → Cu²⁺ + 2e⁻ He nui ake ngā huānga rangatira (Au, Ag, Se, Te) ka uru ki te paru anode; he iti iho ngā huānga rangatira ka uru ki te otinga. Ko te whakatakotoranga katote ka hua ake he ≥99.993% Cu e tutuki ana i ngā whakaritenga LME Grade A.
7. Te Maimoatanga i waho o te Hau me te Whakahaere Taiao
Ka whakamataohia, ka tangohia te puehu, ka tukatukahia ngā hau whai SO₂ mai i ngā oumu mura, ngā kaitahuri, me ngā oumu anode i roto i ngā tipu waikawa whakapā-rua, ā, ka eke ki te >99.8% te whakaoranga whanariki. Kei raro iho i te 100 mg/Nm³ te hau hiku SO₂. Ka tangohia te āheni, te konukōre, me ētahi atu konganuku taumaha mā roto i ngā tukanga motuhake.
8. Whakamutunga
Kua tutuki i te hangarau whakarewa parahi o ēnei rā te tere haere tonu, te aunoatanga, me te mahi taiao teitei. Ko ngā pepa rere whakakotahi mō te whakarewa tere-te huri tonu-te whakapai ake i te anode-te whakapai ake i te hiko ka tukuna he whakaora parahi katoa >98.5% me te whakapaunga pūngao motuhake o te 280-320 kgce/t cathode, e tohu ana i ngā paearu o te ao. Ko ngā whanaketanga tonu i roto i te whakarei ake i te hāora, ngā hangarau hanga parahi tonu, me te whakahaere tukanga matihiko ka whakatairanga ake i te whai huatanga me te pumau.
Wā tuku: Hakihea-22-2025